Fast index with supplemental store

ABSTRACT

A hardware and/or software search facility for searching and retrieving data stored on a mobile device. An index to the data is stored in fast memory (e.g., RAM) on the mobile device. The index contains a minimal amount of information necessary to present search results to a user. A supplemental data file is stored in storage that is local to or remote from the mobile device. The supplemental data files contain additional organized data that may be used to enhance the search results. In response to a search query, the facility uses the index to identify results that are responsive to the search query. The results are presented by the facility in accordance with predetermined rules. The facility may use the supplemental data file to perform further processing and present additional information. In some embodiments, the facility may mount or unmount indices and supplemental files from a device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/019,999, filed Jan. 25, 2008, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Mobile devices are becoming increasingly prevalent. As the use of mobiledevices becomes more common, enhanced features are being developed forthese devices such as improved search functionality. Effective searchtechnology allows device users to quickly and easily locate informationcontained on or accessible by the device. Indexing and searchinginformation on mobile devices can be challenging, however, for a varietyof reasons. For example, mobile devices may have limited memorycapacity. In addition, mobile devices make use of removable memory cardsand other data sources, which are not always accessible by the device.Furthermore, a user may desire to search many disparate types andsources of information at one time. Finally, mobile device users havecome to expect search results to be delivered in real-time or nearreal-time. A system and method that facilitates searching multiple datatypes and sources that are stored on or accessible by mobile devices,while having reduced memory requirements and quick response time, wouldtherefore be desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating various components contained inor coupled to a search facility in a mobile device.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a suitable record format that maybe used by the facility to store data.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a minimal index entry that may be createdby the facility when partitioning a data record.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are block diagrams of a supplemental data file format.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process by which the facility mayinitialize a search core.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a process by which a user may interact withthe facility to obtain search results.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a process by which indices and supplementaldata files may be unmounted by the facility.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are block diagrams of a representative user interfacedepicting an ordering of search results by the facility in accordancewith a presentation rule.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A hardware and/or software search facility for searching and retrievingdata stored on mobile devices, embedded devices, or any device havinglimited memory resources (hereinafter “mobile device” or “device”) isdescribed. An index or indices to the data are stored in fast memory(e.g., RAM) on the mobile device. The indices contain a minimal amountof information necessary to execute a search and present search resultsto a user. A supplemental data file or files are stored in storage(e.g., hard drive, flash memory) that is integral to, removable from, orremote from the mobile device. The supplemental data files containadditional organized data that may be used to enhance the searchresults. In response to a search query by an application or user, thefacility uses the minimal index or indices to identify results that areresponsive to the search query. The results are arranged by the searchfacility in accordance with predetermined rules and presented to theapplication or user. In certain circumstances, the search facility orthe application uses the supplemental data file or files to performfurther processing and present additional information to the user orapplication. Among other benefits, the search facility enables fastaccess to information sufficient to present search query results, whilereducing the memory that needs to be allocated for storage andsearching. Search results are provided to applications or displayed todevice users, and applications or users may take actions associated withthe search results.

In some embodiments, the facility may mount or unmount indices andsupplemental data files from a device. Indices and files may be mountedand unmounted in order to optimize the available storage space on thedevice and/or to improve the processing capacity of the device. Bymounting or unmounting indices, the facility permits searching ofmultiple data types and sources at the same time.

In some embodiments, the index may be constructed by the facility usingan efficient encoding scheme. For example, if the facility is operatingin a mobile device having a reduced keyboard, the index may be stored inan encoded form that corresponds to ambiguous strings entered by a userusing the reduced keyboard. Constructing an encoded index increases theperformance of the facility by enabling more efficient matchingalgorithms to be implemented.

Various embodiments of the invention will now be described. Thefollowing description provides specific details for a thoroughunderstanding and an enabling description of these embodiments. Oneskilled in the art will understand, however, that the invention may bepracticed without many of these details. Additionally, some well-knownstructures or functions may not be shown or described in detail, so asto avoid unnecessarily obscuring the relevant description of the variousembodiments. The terminology used in the description presented below isintended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, eventhough it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description ofcertain specific embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating various components contained inthe search facility or to which the facility connects in a mobiledevice. Data records to be searched are partitioned by a search core 110into one or more minimal indices 115 and one or more supplemental datafiles 120. The minimal indices 115 are stored in a fast memory on themobile device, such as random access memory (RAM). The indices 115contain, at a minimum, the search data for a record as well as keys,handles or other links or pointers to additional data contained in theone or more supplemental data files 120. The minimal indices may beconstructed by the search core, or mounted by the facility as describedin additional detail herein. The facility is platform-independent, i.e.,the facility is not dependent on external libraries, platform services,or dynamic memory routines, and the indexes are encoded in abyte-neutral fashion that is portable between different systemarchitectures. The indices can be integrated with a variety of devicesand applications, regardless of whether the device or applicationsupports dynamic memory routines, and the indices may be easily movedfrom one device to another device. For example, a music catalog may bestored on a removable storage card and transferred from one device toanother device.

The supplemental data files 120 are stored on an arbitrary storagemedium, such as on a hard drive or in flash memory. The arbitrarystorage medium typically has a greater access time than the indicesstored in fast memory. The supplemental data files contain additionalorganized data that may be used to enhance the search results. Newsupplemental data files may be constructed by the search core, orpreexisting supplemental data files may be mounted by the facility asdescribed in additional detail herein. One of the benefits ofpartitioning data between minimal indices 115 and supplemental datafiles 120 is that trade-offs may be made by the facility between speedof results (achieved by accessing the indices in fast memory) andconservation of mobile device resources (achieved by moving data fromfast RAM into slower, but higher capacity storage). A user of a facilitymay therefore tailor the performance of the search functionality to theconstraints of a particular application or device.

The search core 110 may be utilized by any application 105 that needsaccess to search functionality. When the search core 110 receives asearch query from an application 105, the query is applied against oneor more of the indices 115. Which indices the query is applied againstdepends on search rules 130 that are applied by the search core. Forexample, the mobile device may contain different search indices fordifferent types of content (e.g., different search indices fordocuments, messages, audio media, video media, etc.) that are stored onor accessible by the device. If a user is utilizing a music applicationon the mobile device, the user may want the search limited to audiomedia files. In such a case, the search core would only select the indexor indices that relate to stored audio media files. The minimal indicestypically include a minimum amount of information necessary to performthe search and quickly return the results to the application.

After the search query is applied against one or more of the indices115, the search core 110 receives search results that are responsive tothe query. The search results may be automatically prioritized by thesearch core by the application of presentation rules 140. Examples ofpresentation rules include ordering the results by frequency of use,alternating the order of results based on data types (e.g., 1^(st)contact result, 1^(st) music result, 1^(st) bookmark results, 2^(nd)contact result, 2^(nd) music result, 2^(nd) bookmark result, etc.), or acombination of both. An additional example of a presentation rule thatmay be automatically applied to search results is discussed herein withrespect to FIGS. 8A and 8B. The search results are then returned to theapplication 105 for use or presentation to a user. If the search coreonly uses the indices 115 to generate the search results, the resultsmay be quickly returned to the application as a result of the indicesbeing stored in fast memory. In some circumstances, however, it may bedesirable to include additional data as part of the search results, suchgreater textual descriptions, icons, graphics, etc. In thesecircumstances, the search core 110 or the application 105 may access thesupplemental data files 120 to retrieve additional data.

The supplemental data files 120 are accessed by the search core 110 orthe application 105 through a callback interface 125. The callbackinterface 125 is an interface that allows access to supplemental datafiles in a manner consistent with the local file system or memorymanagement routine that is present on a mobile device. By utilizing acallback interface that can be tailored to the device, the search coremay be implemented in a platform-independent fashion. As will bedescribed in additional detail herein, entries in the index 115 containa key, handle, or other pointer that links the index entry with asupplemental data file record. The search core 110 may thereforeretrieve additional data associated with a search result and use theadditional data to manipulate and/or enhance the search result. The useof additional data to present search results will inherently slow theperformance of the application, however, as the supplemental data filesare stored in slower storage media and greater time is needed to accessthe data contained in the files.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the format of a data record 200that is partitioned by the system and stored in the index andsupplemental data file. The data record 200 comprises a primary searchfield 205, a type identification 215, and an external record key 220 oruser data 225. A data record may also comprise one or more secondarysearch fields 210 associated with the search fields. Search fields, bothprimary 205 and secondary 210, comprise search terms or strings that arecompared to the search query when searching is performed by thefacility. For example, a primary search field 205 may correspond to asong title, while secondary search fields 210 may correspond to artist,album, genre, and other song information. As another example, a primarysearch field 205 may correspond to the name of an application, whilesecondary search fields 210 may correspond to synonyms for theapplication. In some embodiments, the facility searches all primary andsecondary search fields during a search. In addition, the facility maysearch multiple fields when a user input sequence comprises multipleterms, permitting each of the terms to match against the same ordifferent search fields. In some embodiments, search fields areclassified according to one or more categories. The facility may usedifferent matching logic (i.e., algorithms) to locate search resultsdepending on the category of the search field. For example, a searchfield that is classified as a text string may be searched according to adifferent algorithm than a search field that is classified as a phonenumber. Similarly, different matching logics may be used to provideintuitive matching on languages that require significantly differentmatching rules. Search fields may originate from source text that isencoded in a variety of formats, including UTF-8, Latin-1 (via UTF-8),GSM 03.38, UCS2, and other formats. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that data record 200 is only a representative data recordthat may be partitioned by the facility, and that the facility mayoperate with other data records having a greater or lesser number offields.

The facility may partition record data among indices and supplementaldata files in a flexible manner. All record data 200 may be stored in anindex 115, or some record data may be stored in a supplemental data file120. Indices can be used for essential search data, while nonessentialsearch data may be stored in a supplemental data file. Only the internalsearch structures need be stored in an index. All other record data maybe stored in a supplemental data file. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that the partitioning can be based on the type of content,size of records, application, or other factor, and may be changed foreach data record that is partitioned.

Multiple data types may be indexed by the facility. For example,different data types may be defined for phone numbers, music files,video files, bookmarks, applications, settings, and other types ofinformation. The type identification 215 is therefore a code thatidentifies the type of data referenced by the data record. In someembodiments, the type identification is an 8-bit code that allows up to255 data types to be defined and used by the facility. Depending on theparticular application 105, the facility may use different partitioningstrategies for different data types. That is, the facility may determinefor each data type which record data will be stored in an index andwhich record data, if any, will be stored in a supplemental data file.For example, for a data type associated with software applications on adevice, because of the typically limited number of applications thefacility may determine that all record data is to be stored in an index,and no additional data stored in a supplemental data file. In contrast,for a data type associated with locations, the facility may determinethat a city name is to be stored in the index and additional data, suchas GPS coordinates for each location, is to be stored in a supplementaldata file. Considerations relevant to partitioning strategies includelatency in retrieving record data from a supplemental data file. Forexample, user data may be required by a user interface in order todisplay returned search results. If user data is stored in asupplemental data file, the time it takes to retrieve the user data fromthe supplemental data file should be considered in determining apartitioning strategy. The facility may provide one or moreconfiguration options to an application 105 by which the application maycustomize its search functionality. For example, configuration optionscan assist an application in determining a partitioning strategy foreach data type.

The external record key 220 is a reference to external data, such asfiles, applications, and other information that are linked with the datarecords. For example, external record key may contain a reference to apiece of stored music in the form of a file path, a URL, or other uniquevalue that unambiguously references the piece of stored music. Inaddition to external data, the application developer may desire to haveadditional data considered responsive to search queries that match thedata record. The user data 225 is therefore additional data added by thefacility as being associated with the data record.

The facility partitions the data contained in data records 200 betweenthe one or more indices 115 and the one or more supplemental data files120. FIG. 3 is an example of a minimal index entry 300 that may becreated by the facility when partitioning the data record 200. The entry300 contains a type ID 305 (corresponding to type ID 215) and asupplemental file key 310 that is a handle, key, or other indicator tothe corresponding portion of the data record that has been partitionedfor storage in the supplemental data files. The supplemental file key isinterpreted by the facility to give the corresponding location of thedata record in the supplemental data files.

The index entry further contains a search rank 315 associated with theassociated data record. The search rank is a number or other codereflective of a global sorting order of the data record within itsassociated data type. For example, for a particular record the searchrank may indicate that the record should be considered the secondresponsive result to a search query that matches the primary searchfield of the record. The search rank of a record may change over time,based on an algorithm used by the facility that takes into account thefrequency of use of the record (e.g., search results that are selectedless often will see their rank go down, whereas search results that areselected more frequently will see their rank go up). The search rank maybe used by the presentation rules 140 to determine the ordering ofsearch results. The presentation rules may utilize the search rank byitself, may apply various weighting factors to the search rank, or maycombine the search rank with other data to arrive at the presentationorder of the search results.

The index entry also contains one or more search fields 320, for examplesearch fields corresponding to primary search field 205 and secondarysearch fields 210. In some embodiments, the search fields may be storedin unencoded form. In some embodiments, the search fields may be storedin encoded form. For example, the search fields may be stored as anambiguous string of characters as if the search fields were generated bya user using a reduced keyboard. A search field might therefore containthe string “42779” which corresponds to the term “happy” when entered ona telephone keypad using a software application like T9® by NuanceCommunications. Storing the index entry in encoded form allows the indexto be more efficiently searched and minimizes the space necessary tostore the index. If stored in unencoded form, the search fields may bedirectly used by the facility or application in the display ofresponsive search results. If stored in encoded form, the facility orapplication may opt to store one or more display strings in associationwith the data record for display purposes. The display strings maycorrespond to the unencoded representations of the search fields, andmay be returned by the facility for display when search results arepresented to the user. Such display strings may be stored in the indexentry, but are more typically stored in the supplemental data files inorder to conserve fast memory space.

The index entry 300 depicted in FIG. 3 is an index entry configurationthat is particularly suitable for mobile phones or other mobile devicescontaining phone numbers. The index entry includes four search fields320 a, 320 b, 320 c and 320 d. Search fields 320 a and 320 b compriseencoded strings of characters. Search fields 320 c and 320 d compriseencoded phone numbers that have been concatenated to remove spaces aswell as punctuation (e.g., “+”, “(“,”)”). To facilitate searching, matchstart deltas for each word in a search string are precomputed by thefacility and stored in a compressed format in a match start deltas field325. For example, if the text string stored in a search field was“What's a test string” the encoded form of the string would be“942817F2F8378F787464” (encoded based on the character/key combinationson a phone keypad) and the match start delta for that string would be 5(for “What’”), 2 (for “s[space]”), 2 (for “a[space]”), 5 (for“test[space]”) and 6 for “string”. Each match start delta thereforecomprises the number of characters in a word plus the one or more spacesor punctuation marks necessary to reach the start of the next word. Asanother example, if the phone number stored in a search fields was “+1(206) 555 1234” the encoded form would be “112065551234” and the matchstart delta would be 12 (for “112065551234”). All match starts deltasfor all index entry search fields are stored by the facility in thematch start deltas field 325 in a predetermined format. Since most matchstart deltas will not exceed 15 characters, the match start deltas caneach be stored as a 4 bit value, with a special code used by thefacility to handle cases where a match start delta exceeds 15characters. Two additional fields are used in the depicted index entry300 to facilitate use of the search fields. A match start delta lengthfield 330 is used by the facility to indicate the length of the matchstart delta field 325 (and, by implication, the start of the searchfields 320). A phone separator field 335 indicates the location of thestart of the search fields 320 containing phone numbers. Other searchfields indicative of other types of text or numbers (e.g., IP addresses)may, of course, be added to an index entry.

The minimal index entry 300 is only an example of an index entry thatmay be constructed by the system, and those skilled in the art willappreciate that other index entries having a greater or lesser number ofelements may be used by the facility. In some embodiments, the indexentries are sorted by rank order and the index is updated any time therank of a data record is increased or decreased. Rank ordering the indeximproves linear searches of the index and does not unduly impactperformance if the rank of data records changes infrequently.

An advantage of data partitioning by the facility is that it results ina very memory efficient representation of search results that may bere-used as required by the facility. When a search query matches one ormore index entries 300, the information contained in the index entryallows the facility to quickly provide an indication of the results ofthe search. The facility can then make one or more additional fetchesfrom the supplemental data file to retrieve additional detail about thesearch results, such fetches being made on an as-needed basis to use ordisplay the search results. For example, an application or user maysubmit a search query that returns a large number (e.g., 73) of searchresults. If the screen size of a mobile device only allows ten resultsto be displayed at a time, the facility only needs to fetch informationfrom the supplemental data files pertaining to the first ten searchresults. Then, as a user or application scrolls to or otherwise selectsadditional search results, the facility may reuse the initial searchresults to fetch information from the supplemental data files pertainingto the selected additional search results. By accessing the index onlyonce and postponing accesses to the supplemental data files untilabsolutely necessary, the facility conserves overall device resources.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram of a supplemental data file format. Thesupplemental data is divided into one or more segments 405. Each segmentshares a common format, including a header 410, an allocation table 415,a lookup table 420, and a data block section 425. An abstracted view ofthe data block section 425 is provided to depict the type of data storedin the section. An optional keylength field 430 contains a coderepresentative of the size of an optional key used by the facility totranslate a key to a supplemental file address. The keylength field isfollowed by an external record key 435 and data 440 associated with eachkey, each combination of keylength field, external record key, and datacorresponding to one data record. The external record key 435corresponds to the external record key 220 as depicted in FIG. 2.External record key 435 is uniquely associated with a stored file orother data and may be used by the facility or by an application tolocate that file or data. The data 440 includes user data 450, displaystring data 445, and/or any other data that was partitioned by thefacility from each data record and stored in the supplemental datafiles. Two length values are provided to specify the size of the displaystring and the user data portions of the data. The length values may beused to retrieve the stored display string and user data portions, aswell as to determine the starting memory locations of other dataportions that follow the display string and the user data portions. Adisplay string length 455 is provided to specify the size of the displaystring that is stored immediately following the stored user data. A userdata length 465 is provided to specify the size of the stored user data(corresponding to user data 225). Using the display string length andthe user data length, the facility may retrieve the display string dataand user data. A display string match logic field 460 contains theparticular logic used to decode the display strings data 445. Thefacility is able to retrieve the appropriate record data by using thesupplemental file key identified in the fast index search to locate thecorresponding data in the data block sections of the supplemental datafiles.

The facility stores the data in the data block section 425 in fixedsize, noncontiguous blocks. The facility selects the block size based onthe particular application and size of data being stored in thesupplemental data files. Stored data that exceeds the size of one blockmay extend to additional blocks that are linked by pointers in theallocation table 475. The size of the equal-sized blocks is preferablyoptimized, however, to minimize the required number of additional blockswhile at the same time keeping the internal fragmentation penalty atacceptably small levels. The allocation table 415 connects thefragmented data blocks and free space in the data block section withlinked lists. While the allocation table is depicted as being storedadjacent the header portion of segments 405, it will be appreciated thatthe allocation table may be stored in the data block section 425instead. A representative example of the construction of the data blocksection and operation of the allocation table is depicted in FIG. 4B.Three pieces of sample data are depicted as being stored in data blocks470: sample data A, having a length of two blocks and a hash value of 1;sample data B, having a length of one block and a hash value of 5; andsample data C, having a length of two blocks and a hash value of 10.Each of the sample blocks of data is stored in one of the data blocks470, although not always in a contiguous fashion. For example, sampledata C is split between two data blocks C₀ and C₁ that are separated bya data block containing sample data B. A representative allocation table475 is depicted as storing a series of pointers that link each of theblocks. For example, the allocation table stores a pointer that linksdata block C₁ to data block C₀. By accessing the allocation table, thefacility can therefore recover the entirety of sample data C. In asimilar fashion, the allocation table contains a single chain of allfree data blocks that are available to receive data in the data blockssection. New data that is added to the data blocks may be stored in theinitial free block and any subsequent linked blocks noted in theallocation table. The starting pointer to the chain of free blocks isthen advanced to remove the newly-stored blocks. In this fashion, datamay be easily added to the data blocks 425 in the supplemental datastore.

The lookup table 420 maps hash keys to particular data blocks. Arepresentative lookup table 480 is depicted in FIG. 4B for the sampledata A, B, and C. In this example, the lookup table is implemented as anopen-addressed hashtable. The hash value of the external record keydirects the facility to the initial lookup entry that is associated withthat key. For example, the hash value of sample data B is “5,” and thelookup table entry for a hash value of “5” directs the facility to thefourth data block in the set of data blocks 470. In cases of hashcollisions, the algorithm will probe the next entry in the hash tableuntil a matching key is found, or until all possibilities are exhausted.It will be appreciated that the lookup table 420 is a time-efficientalternative to performing a linear search for the external record key inorder to find a data record in the supplemental data files. Theexistence of the lookup table provides additional functionality byenabling the facility or application to insert a record (i.e., checkingif the external record key already exists), update a record (finding anexisting data record using a matching key), or delete a record (findingan existing data record using a matching key).

The facility selects the size of a segment 405 when the supplementaldata files are initially configured. When the supplemental file runs tocapacity, it can be enlarged by expanding the file on the platform, thenfilling the remainder of the newly-grown file with additional segments.

It will be appreciated that the facility does not always need to accessthe supplemental data files 120 when providing results to searchqueries. The supplemental data files are only accessed when additionaldata contained in the supplemental data files is required for furthersearch results processing or display. For example, the facility maystore data in an index corresponding to names of software applicationsavailable on a mobile device. A supplemental data file may store anicon, or a reference to an icon, associated with each application. If asearch performed by the facility returns several dozen matches, but onlythree results may be displayed at one time on a device screen, onlythree icons initially need to be retrieved from the supplemental datafile. Thus, only three accesses of the supplemental data file arerequired.

It will also be appreciated that there does not need to be a one-to-onerelationship between index 115 and a supplemental data file 120. Severalindices may use the same supplemental data file, and one index may useseveral supplemental data files. A supplemental data file must bemounted, however, before any of the indices associated with thesupplemental data file are mounted into memory.

Indices and supplemental data files are dynamic. Certain data on amobile device may be added, updated, deleted, or otherwise modified by adevice user. The facility adds, updates, and deletes the data recordsthat correspond to the added, modified, or deleted data.

Before data may be indexed or searched, the facility initializes thesearch core 110 and establishes data structures. If the search core isbeing initialized for the first time, the facility may create newindices 115 and/or supplemental data files 120. At the time of creatinga new index, the facility may allow an application 105 to determine theformat of the data record and specify how data records will bepartitioned. For example, the application may be able to specify thelength of each display string. If indices and/or supplemental data fileshave previously been created and persisted, these indices and/orsupplemental data files may be restored back into memory and mounted.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process 500 by which the facility mayinitialize the search core. At a decision block 505, the facilitydetermines whether a new index and supplemental data file is to becreated, or whether a persisted (i.e. previously stored) index andsupplemental data file is to be restored. For example, a new index andsupplemental data file may be created if the search core is beinginitialized for the first time (i.e., if a persisted index is notavailable). If a new index and supplemental data file is to be created,at a block 510 the facility creates an empty index and supplemental datafile. At a block 515 the facility mounts the index and the supplementaldata file. At a block 520 the facility adds record data to the newlycreated index and supplemental data file. The record data is partitionedbetween the index and the supplemental data file in the mannerpreviously described herein.

If at decision block 505 the facility instead determines that apreviously-persisted index and supplemental data file is to be restored,processing continues at a block 525. An application can persist an indexbetween mounts, that is, the index may not be actively used but may bestored locally on or remotely to the mobile device. At block 525, thepreviously-persisted index is copied into RAM. At a block 530, thefacility mounts the previously-persisted index and supplemental datafile. The supplemental data file is preferably mounted into memory bythe facility before the index that is associated with the supplementaldata file is mounted into memory. The mounting of the supplemental datafile before the index prevents an error condition in which the index isused in a manner that returns a reference to a non-accessiblesupplemental data file. Once the facility mounts the indices andsupplemental data files into memory, at a block 535 the facility may addnew data to the index and supplemental data file. For example, if anindex has been restored from persistence, there may be new data thatneeds to be added to the index since it was persisted.

The facility supports searches over multiple indices. The search corecan mount multiple indices at a given time, and a search may beconducted across all mounted indices. The steps disclosed in blocks525-535 may therefore be repeated to mount additional indices andsupplemental data files.

An application may dynamically load and unload indices between searches.For example, an application may manage removable media, such as a memorycard, by dynamically mounting and unmounting indices associated withdata stored on the removable media. Indices are mounted when theremovable media is present, and indices are unmounted when the removablemedia is removed from a mobile device. The ability to dynamically loadand unload indices gives the application the flexibility to handlevarying environments and provide additional capabilities. For example,an application may handle a low memory situation by unmountingunnecessary indices in order to free up device memory. An applicationmay also isolate transient data (e.g., music on a memory card that maybe inserted into or removed from the device) from resident data (e.g.,contact listings stored in device memory). In addition, an applicationmay share and combine indices between different applications. Forexample, a song index used in one application may be combined withartist and album indices and used in a second application. To facilitatethis capability, the index memory is fully contained within a contiguousarray of memory. This format allows indices to be easily persisted frommemory without the need for specialized serialization routines.

Once indices and supplemental data files have been mounted for search bythe facility, the facility may receive an input sequence from a mobiledevice user. The facility matches the input sequence against the indicesand returns search results to the user. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of aprocess 600 by which a user may interact with the facility. At a block605, the user enters an input sequence (i.e., a search query). An inputsequence may comprise key strokes, voice input, and other types ofinput. A single input sequence may comprise more than one type of input.For example, an input sequence may combine both voice and text input(e.g., key strokes). In some examples, the input sequence received fromthe user is ambiguous. That is, a single key press by the user may mapto multiple characters.

At a block 610, the application receives the user's input sequence andpasses it to the search core. At a block 615, the search core receivesthe input sequence. At a block 620 the search core performs a search,matching the input sequence to record data in the mounted indices andsupplemental data stores, as described above. The matching algorithmused by the search core may include linear search, trie search, weightedtrie search, tree, graph or other search algorithm to identify resultsthat are responsive to the search. Specialized matching algorithms mayalso be used by the facility. For example, the facility may implement arestricted match algorithm and/or an unrestricted match algorithmdepending on the type of search being performed. In the restricted matchalgorithm, a query string is compared with search fields starting at thebeginning of the search fields. The restricted match algorithm willtherefore only identify initial character matches. In the unrestrictedmatch algorithm, a query string is compared with all portions of thesearch fields, thereby identifying intra-string matches. An exampleapplication using restricted and unrestricted matching algorithms is aphone number search. If a user is searching for a phone number such as“2063591212” but does so by entering the string “359” (omitting the areacode), the facility may initially use the restricted match algorithm toidentify matching phone numbers. When the third digit is received, or ifno results are being returned by the restricted match algorithm, thefacility may then use the unrestricted matching algorithm to match thereceived string against phone numbers that are contained in the user'scontact list. The use of the unrestricted matching algorithm wouldtherefore identify the intra-string match and return “2063591212.”

At a block 625, the search core returns to the application searchresults from the mounted indices and supplemental data files. In someexamples, search results are returned in a two-step process. In thefirst step, records in the indices that match the user input sequenceare returned as supplemental file keys. These supplemental file keys areused by the facility to uniquely identify the located matching recordsin the supplemental data files and to obtain an external reference keythat may be used by the application to access the data records directlyvia the callback interface. At a block 630, the application receives thesearch results from the search core, and at a block 635 the applicationdisplays the received search results to the user.

Once the search results are displayed, the user may select a searchresult or modify the input sequence. At a decision block 640, thefacility determines whether the user has selected a displayed searchresult. If the user has selected a search result, at a block 645 theapplication receives the user selection, executes the action associatedwith the user selection (e.g., if a user selects a contact from anaddress book, the application may display a listing of informationassociated with the contact), and passes the selection to the searchcore. At a block 650, the search core modifies the rank of the recordassociated with the user selection, so that the selected record mayappear higher in the result lists of future searches.

Once the search core has modify the rank of the selected record, at ablock 655 the application may initialize a new search. To initialize anew search, the application may reset the input sequence, clear thesearch results display, and await another user input sequence. Theprocess returns to block 605 where the user may enter a new inputsequence.

If at decision block 640 the user did not select a search result, theprocess may return to block 605, where the user may modify the inputsequence. For example, the user's initial input sequence may havecomprised two characters. A search conducted against this input sequencemay not have returned desirable search results to the user. The user mayadd additional characters to the input sequence in order to locate moredesirable results.

When an index or supplemental data file is to be removed from thefacility, it must be unmounted from memory. FIG. 7 is a flow diagram ofa process 700 by which indices and supplemental data files may beunmounted by the facility. At a block 705, the facility unmounts theindices used for search. Once an index (or supplemental data file) hasbeen unmounted, it cannot be searched against or modified by thefacility. At a block 710, the facility may optionally persist theunmounted indices, such as in a hard drive or removable storage. Anapplication may persist an index (or a supplemental data store) after itis umounted so that the index may be subsequently used in the future. Ata block 715, the facility unmounts the supplemental data files used forsearch. The application may then close the supplemental data files.

It will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to thefacility. For example, while a partitioning of data records into indicesstored in fast memory and supplemental data files stored in slowerstorage was discussed above, it will be appreciated that the fast memoryand slower storage may be used in a variety of ways. For example, asupplemental data file may be built in fast memory to enable it to beconstructed quickly, then pushed to a supplemental data file whenconstruction is complete. Storing the index as a whole minimizes thenumber of data transfers that need to be performed with the slowerstorage. As another example, a supplemental data file may be temporarilycopied or moved into fast memory to improve performance for shortperiods, then copied or moved back into slower storage when suchperformance is no longer necessary. Other hybrid solutions that use fastmemory and slower storage to store an index and supplemental data may beenvisioned.

As another example of a modification that may be made to the facility,other presentation rules may be utilized by the facility toautomatically order search results. FIGS. 8A and 8B depict the operationof a presentation rule that takes into account both data record type anddata record rank when ordering search results. FIG. 8A is arepresentative list 800 of search results that are returned in responseto a search query. The list includes three types 805 of data records,namely contacts (C), music records (M), and bookmarks (B). Each searchresult has an associated rank 810 that reflects the estimated relevanceof the search result to the search query. In the depicted example, thehigher the rank, the greater the relevance. FIG. 8B is a representativeuser interface 815 that depicts the ordering of search results accordingto a presentation rule that takes into account both data record type anddata record rank. A top section 820 of the search results presents themost relevant results, regardless of data record type. For example, thetop section 820 in FIG. 8B shows the top three search results having thehighest overall rank. A bottom section 825 of the search resultspresents some or all of the remaining results by alternating searchresult by record type and presenting the highest remaining ranked searchresult of that record type. For example, the bottom section 825 in FIG.8B alternates between contact, music, and bookmark (i.e., C, M, B, C, M,B) and presents the highest ranking data record of that record type thathasn't already been presented in the top portion 820. Those skilled inthe art will appreciate that a greater or lesser number of searchresults may be displayed in each section, and that other orderingmethodologies for each section may be used by the facility.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments ofthe invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration,but that various modifications may be made without deviating from thespirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is notlimited except as by the appended claims.

I/We claim:
 1. A method of operating a mobile device to retrieve one ormore data records that are responsive to a search query, the methodcomprising: receiving a search query from a user, wherein the receivedsearch query comprises a sequence of key identifiers from a reducedkeyboard; searching one or more search fields, each of the one or moresearch fields associated with one or more index entries, wherein thesearch fields are in an encoded form that corresponds to key identifiersfrom a reduced keyboard, wherein the one or more index entries arestored in a first storage component of the mobile device, and whereineach index entry is comprised of a portion of a data record and a filekey corresponding to a position of an additional data record maintainedin a supplemental file that is stored in a second storage component ofthe mobile device; determining whether the received search query matchesa portion of at least one of the search fields, where if the searchquery matches a portion of one or more search fields, the method furthercomprising: identifying one or more index entries associated with theone or more matching search fields; presenting the correspondingportions of data records associated with the one or more identifiedindex entries to the user.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein theportions of data records are presented in an order according to apresentation rule.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the presentationrule is frequency of use.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein thepresentation rule is based in part on data record type.
 5. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the presentation rule is stored in the index entry. 6.The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to receiving aselection of one of the presented portions of data records: retrievingan additional portion of the selected data record from the supplementalfile, and presenting the retrieved additional data portion to the user.7. The method of claim 6, the portion of a data record stored in theindex entry is smaller than the retrieved additional data portion fromthe supplemental file.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein scanning theone or more search fields is based in part on a data type.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein the first and second storage components aredifferent storage devices, and wherein the first storage component hasan access time that is shorter than the second storage component.
 10. Asystem in a mobile device for retrieving data records that areresponsive to a search query, the system comprising: a supplemental filecontaining a plurality of supplemental entries, each of the supplementalentries comprising a portion of a data record, the supplemental filebeing resident in a storage component of the mobile device; an indexcontaining a plurality of index entries, each of the plurality of indexentries comprising one or more search fields, a portion of the datarecord, and a file key corresponding to a position of an additional datarecord maintained in the supplemental file, the index being resident ina memory of the mobile device, wherein the search fields are in anencoded form that corresponds to key identifiers from a reducedkeyboard; an input device for receiving a search query from a user,wherein the received search query comprises a sequence of keyidentifiers from a reduced keyboard; a means for comparing the receivedsearch query with at least one of the search fields to identify one ormore index entries having one or more search fields that are responsiveto the search query; a display for presenting portions of data recordsassociated with the one or more identified index entries to the user.11. The system of claim 10, wherein the portions of data records arepresented in an order according to a presentation rule.
 12. The systemof claim 11, wherein the presentation rule is frequency of use.
 13. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the presentation rule is based in part ondata record type.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the presentationrule is stored in the index entry.
 15. The system of claim 10, furthercomprising: an input device for receiving a selection of one of thepresented portions of data records; a means for retrieving an additionalportion of the selected data record from the supplemental file; and adisplay for presenting the retrieved additional data portion to theuser.
 16. The system of claim 10, wherein the memory has an access timethat is shorter than the storage component.
 17. At least one tangiblecomputer-readable medium storing instructions that when executed by amobile device cause the mobile device to: receive a search query from auser, wherein the received search query comprises a sequence of keyidentifiers from a reduced keyboard; search a one or more search fields,each of the one or more search fields associated with one or more indexentries, wherein the search fields are in an encoded form thatcorresponds to key identifiers from a reduced keyboard, wherein the oneor more index entries are stored in a first storage component of themobile device, and wherein each index entry is comprised of a portion ofthe data record and a file key corresponding to a position of anadditional data record maintained in a supplemental file that is storedin a second storage component of the mobile device; determine whetherthe received search query matches a portion of at least one of thesearch fields, where the search query matches a portion of one or moresearch fields; identify one or more index entries associated with theone or more matching search fields; present the corresponding portionsof data records associated with the one or more identified index entriesto the user.
 18. The at least one tangible computer-readable medium ofclaim 17, further comprising: in response to receiving a selection ofone of the presented portions of data records: retrieve an additionalportion of the selected data record from the supplemental file, andpresent the retrieved additional data portion to the user.
 19. The atleast one tangible computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein theportions of data records are presented in an order based on frequency ofuse.
 20. The at least one tangible computer-readable medium of claim 17,wherein the portions of data records are presented in an order based inpart on data record type.